Abstract: The recent promulgation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tariff Law marks a pivotal development in the nation’s trade regulatory landscape. This Law not only consolidates and codifies existing tariff measures, including anti-dumping, countervailing, safeguard, and retaliatory tariff mechanisms, but also introduces significant new provisions. This article critically examines two such innovations: first, the empowerment of the State to adopt “corresponding measures” based on the principle of reciprocity against countries or regions failing to honor most-favored-nation (MFN) or preferential tariff commitments under international agreements with China, with an explicit stipulation that such measures will conform to China’s international treaty obligations. Second, the Law introduces robust anti-circumvention rules, authorizing tariff adjustments and other measures against actions lacking reasonable commercial purpose that are designed to reduce dutiable amounts by circumventing provisions on tariff classification, rates, or dutiable value. This article analyzes these novel provisions within the broader context of China’s evolving trade policy, its international commitments, particularly under the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the shifting dynamics of global trade. It argues that these new instruments enhance China’s capacity to safeguard its economic interests and respond to complex trade challenges, while simultaneously underscoring the imperative for careful implementation to ensure consistency with international law and to mitigate potential trade frictions.